Definition of Temperature#

Thermometer#

Type of Thermometers#

Infrared thermometer
Resistance thermometer
Mercury-in-glass thermometer

Thermometer Calibration#

Thermometer calibration ensures accurate temperature measurement. It involves adjusting a thermometer to match a known standard.

Steps for Calibration:#

Ice Point Calibration (0°C)
- Place the thermometer in a mixture of crushed ice and water.
- Wait for it to stabilize, then adjust if needed to read 0°C.
Boiling Point Calibration (100°C)
- Place the thermometer in boiling water (at sea level).
- Ensure it reads 100°C; adjust if necessary.
Using a Reference Thermometer
- Compare readings with a calibrated standard thermometer at different temperatures.
Adjust and Record
- If there is a deviation, apply a correction factor.
- Document the calibration results for future reference.

Heat Capacity#

Heat Capacity (C)#

$Q = C \Delta T$

where

$Q$ = Heat Energy (Unit: $J$ )
$C$ = Heat Capacity (Unit: $J K⁻¹$ / $J °C⁻¹$ )

Specific Heat Capacity (c)#

$Q = mc \Delta T$

where

$Q$ = Heat Energy (Unit: $J$ )
$c$ = Specific Heat Capacity (Unit: $J kg⁻¹$ $K⁻¹$ / $J kg⁻¹$ $°C⁻¹$ )
$m$ = mass of an object (unit: kg)
$ΔT$ = change in temperature (unit: °C)

Molar Heat Capacity (Cₘ)#

$Q = nCₘ \Delta T$

where

$Q$ = Heat Energy (Unit: $J$ )
$Cₘ$ = Molar Heat Capacity (Unit: $J mol⁻¹ K⁻¹$ / $J mol⁻¹ °C⁻¹$ )
$n$ = number of moles of a substance (unit: mol)
$ΔT$ = change in temperature (unit: °C)

Heat Capacity vs. Specific Heat Capacity#

Heat Capacity (C) is an extensive property that depends on the amount of substance. It is the total heat energy required to raise the temperature of an object by 1 degree Celsius or 1 Kelvin.
Specific Heat Capacity (c) is an intensive property that does not depend on the amount of substance. It is the heat energy required to raise the temperature of 1 kilogram of a substance by 1 degree Celsius or 1 Kelvin.

The relationship between heat capacity and specific heat capacity can be expressed as: $C = mc$

where

$C$ = Heat Capacity (Unit: $J K⁻¹$ / $J °C⁻¹$ )
$m$ = mass of an object (unit: kg)
$c$ = Specific Heat Capacity (Unit: $J kg⁻¹ K⁻¹$ / $J kg⁻¹ °C⁻¹$ )

Heat Capacity vs. Molar Heat Capacity#

Heat Capacity (C) is an extensive property that depends on the amount of substance. It is the total heat energy required to raise the temperature of an object by 1 degree Celsius or 1 Kelvin.
Molar Heat Capacity (Cₘ) is an intensive property that does not depend on the amount of substance. It is the heat energy required to raise the temperature of 1 mole of a substance by 1 degree Celsius or 1 Kelvin.

The relationship between specific heat capacity and molar heat capacity can be expressed as:

$Cₘ = c \cdot M$

where

$Cₘ$ = Molar Heat Capacity (Unit: $J mol⁻¹ K⁻¹$ / $J mol⁻¹ °C⁻¹$ )
$c$ = Specific Heat Capacity (Unit: $J kg⁻¹ K⁻¹$ / $J kg⁻¹ °C⁻¹$ )
$M$ = Molar Mass of the substance (Unit: $kg mol⁻¹$ )

ねこの部屋

Definition of Temperature#

Thermometer#

Type of Thermometers#

Thermometer Calibration#

Steps for Calibration:#

Heat Capacity#

Heat Capacity (C)#

Specific Heat Capacity (c)#

Molar Heat Capacity (Cₘ)#

Heat Capacity vs. Specific Heat Capacity#

Heat Capacity vs. Molar Heat Capacity#

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ねこの部屋

Definition of Temperature#

Thermometer#

Type of Thermometers#

Thermometer Calibration#

Steps for Calibration:#

Heat Capacity#

Heat Capacity (C)#

Specific Heat Capacity (c)#

Molar Heat Capacity (Cₘ)#

Heat Capacity vs. Specific Heat Capacity#

Heat Capacity vs. Molar Heat Capacity#

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